Post by Admin on Feb 16, 2012 19:03:49 GMT -5
Chapter ONE
-Psychological disroder/abnormal behavior - psychological dysfunction associatioed with distress or impairment in funcitioning that is not typical or culturally expected response
psychological dysfunction - a breakdown in cognitive, emotional or behavioral funtioning
distress - is usually associated with a psychological disorder and ir reffers to a person being extremely upset similarly the concept of impairment is useful in defining a psychological disorder
-Clinical description of: abnormal behavior
1.presenting problem: typically refers to one first noted of the reason for coming to a clinical setting
2. clinical description: specify what makes a disorder different from normal behavior and other disorders
3.prevalance: refers to the number of people in the population who have the disorder
4.Incidence: refers to the number of new cases a disroder occuring during a specific time frame
5.Course- refers to the pattern of the disorder in time and can be described as: "Chronic" or "episodic" or "time-limited"
Chronic: tend to last a long time
Episodic: may appear and disappear
Time-limited - able to improve without treatment in a relatively short time
6. Acute Onset: refers to disorders that begin suddenly whereas insidious onset refers to disorders that develop gradually over time
7.Important Association features: Age, Developmental state, Ethnicity & Race
Prognosis - anticipated course of the disorder
-Causation, Treatment, & Outcomes in Psychology
1. Etiology - psychological, biological, social dimension variables leading to disorder
2. Treatment - can include psychological, pharmacological or some combination of the two
3.Successful outcome
-Accepted definition of a psychological disorder:
1. as defined in the DSM IV-TR abnormal behavior is behavioral emotional or cognitive dysfunctions that are unexpected in their cultural context and associated with personal disreess or substantial impairment in functioning
Psychopathology - the scientific study of psychological disorders
-Mental Health Care professionals (background training and approach)
clinical/counseling psychologists - phd/psyd/edd
psychiatrists
psychiatric social worker
social worker
psychiatric nurses
marriage family therapists
the scientist practioner - mental health professional who takes a scientific approach to his/her clinical work.
Consumer of science - enhancing the practice
evaluator of science - determining the effectiveness of the practice
creator of science- conducting research that leads to new prroceduers useful in practice
Supernatural tradition - deviant behavior is a battle between good and evil
Biological tradition - hippocrates, the father of medicine argued that psychological disorders could have conceptialzed as a brain or heraditary disease, while recognizing the importance of psychological and interpersonal factors in psychopathology
psychological tradition (18th centurry) treatment that focuses on social and cultural factors
Moral therapy - psychosocial approach that involved treating patients as normally as possible in a normal environment.
---Asylum Reform and decline of mroal therapy w/mental hygene movement
Mental hygene movement - gave rights to mental patients
Psychoanalytic theroy (sigmund frued + joesph brewer)
Id, ego, superego
Id- pleasure principle
ego - reality principle - deploys defence mechanisms to ward off anxiety
superego - moral standsrds. primary function is to balance id+ego for social demands
Unconscious - part of the psyche make up that is outside the awareness of a person
Catharsis - the release of emotional material
Defense Mechanisms
Denial - refuses to acknowledge some aspect of objective reality
Displacement: transfer a feeling about or a response to an object that causes discomfort onto another usually less thereatening
projection: falsely attributes own unacceptable feelings, impulses or thoughts to another individual or object
rationalizaton: conceals the true motvations for actions, thoughts, or feelings through elaborate reasuring or self-serving but incorrect explations
Reaction formation: substitutes behavior, thoughts of feelings that are the direct opposite of unacceptable ones
repression: blocks disturbing wishes, thoughts or feelings form conscious awareness
sublimation: directs potentially maladaptive feelings or impulses into socially acceptable behavior
Psychosexual stages of development -psychoanalytic concepts of the sequence of phases a person passes through during development. Each stage is named for the location on the body where id gratification is maximal at tat time.
Oral
Anal
falic
Latency
genital
castration anxiety - the fear in young boys that they will be mutilated gentitally becaise of their lust for their mothers
neurosis - obsolete psychodynamic term for a psychological disorder thought to result from an unconscious conflict and the anxiety it causes
Ego psychology - psychoanalytic theory that emphasizes the role of the ego in developement and attributes psychological disorders to failure of the ego to manage impulses and internal conflicts. also known as SELF PSYCHOLOGY
object relations - modern develipoment in psychodynmaic theory involving the study of how children incoperate the memoreies and values of people who are close and important to them
collective unconscious - accumulated wisdom of culture collected and remembered across generations
free association - psychoanalytic theory technique intended to explore threatening material repressed into the unconscious. the patient is instructed to say whatever comes to mind without censoring
dream analysis - method in which dream content is examed in symbolic of id impulses and intrrapsychi conflicts
psychoanalyst - therapists who practices psychoanalysis after earning either an M.D or a PHD degree and recieving additional specialized postdoctoral training
transferance - clients may seek to relate to the therapist as they do important authority figures particularly their parents
psychodynamic psychotherapy = contemporary version of psychoanalysis that still emphasizes unconscious processes and conflicts but is briefer and more focused on specific problems
self actualizing - process emphasized in humanistic psychology in which people strive to achieve their highest potential against difficult life experiences
person-centered therapy - therapy which client directs the course of discussion seeking self discovery and self responsiblity
unconditioned positive regard - acceptance by the conselor of the clients' feelings and actions without judgement or condemnation
behavioral model - explation of human bevhavior, invluding dysfunction, based on principles of learning and adaptation derived from experiemental psychology
CHAPTER TWO
genetic contributions to psychopathology
Dominant geneses- one of the pair of genes that dertermines a particulat trait and the effect can be quite noticable
Reccessive genes - must be paired with another reccesive gene to determine a trait
Genes seldom determine our physical development in any absolute way and the same is true for psychopathology
much of human develioment and behavior is polygenic. influced by many genes that individually exert a small effect
Developments in the study of genes and behavior
studies on identical twins reared apart
best estimate for genetic contribution to enduring personality traits and cognitive abilities in humans is about 50%
no individual genes have been identified relating to any major psychological disorder
gene - environmental interactions
(proposed by eric kandel) who stated that the process of learning may cghange the genetic structure of cellls, this may occure when environmental processes turn on dominant genes and changes in the brain's biochemical functioning. this view lends support to the notion that we are less hardwired then previously thought.
Diathessi stress model
Person's inherit from multiple genes tendancies to express certain traits of behaviors which may then be activated under certain environmental events such as stress.
The diatheesis or vulnerabilty does no neccesarily lead to a disorder unless some specific life event occurs
this model proposes that a person with a large diathesis would require a smaller amount of stress for a disorder to develop compared to someone with a relavtiveley smaller diathresis to begin with
Recriptocal gene - envioronment meodel
Hypothessi that people with a genetic predispotion for a disorder may also have a geneyic tendancy to create environmental risk favors that promote the disorder
The structures of the brain
Brain is divided into two parts
Lower brain stem - primitive part [automobile functioning, survival instinct]
Forebrain - more advanced brian systems
cerebral cortex - larged part of forbrain. 80% of neurons of the CNS
Frontal lobe - largeley responsible for thinking and reasoning abilities memory. it enables on to relate to people and events in the world and to behave as social animals
Perphierical nervous system - works in coordination with the brain stem to ensure proper bodily functioning
Consists of: Somatic nervous system + autnnoatic nervous system
Sympahtetic - flight or fight
parasympathetic - quiets the body
Benzadiazepines - mild tranquilizers to reduce GAD
"Gaba system"
Gaba - neurotransmitter that reduces activity across the synaptic cleft and thus inhibits a range of behavior and emotions especially generalized anxiety
Seratonin 0 involved in progression of information and cordination of movement as well as inhibition and restraint. it also asists in the regulation of eating, sexual behavior in of which may be involved in different psychological disorders
Dopamine - extremely low levels of dopamine cause muscle ridgity tremors and impaired judgement
High levels of seratonin is related to OCD
Learned helplessness
Martin seligman''s thepry that people bevome anxious and depressed when they make an attribution that they have no control over the stress in their lives. whether or not tey actually have control
neurotransmitters
neuroscientists have identified several brain circuiits that appear to play a role in psychological disorders
Drug therapies function by either increasing or decreasing the flow of specific neurotransmitters. afer a NY are released it is quickly drown back from the synptic claft in the same neuron via reuptake
Reuptake - action by which a NT is quickly drawn back into the dischaging neuron after being relaed into the synaptic cleft
Ways of manipulating NT
Agonists - increase the activity of a nt by minmic its effects
antagonists - function to inhibit or block the production of NT or funcion indirectly to prevent the chemical from reacting the next neuron by closing the receptors
inverse - changes the biochemisty of the nt to cancel the effect
CHAPTER THREE
clinical assement - systematic evaluation and measurement of psychological biological and social factors in a person presenting with a possiblee psychological disorder
Diagnossis - process of determining whether a presenting problem meets the established criteria for a specific disoder
reliablity - degree to which a measurment is consistent
validity - degree to which a technique measures what it prports to measure
standardization - processes of establishing specific norms and requirements for a measurement technique to ensure it is used conssistently across the measurement occasions. This includedes instructions for admisinstration the measure, evaluations ints findings and comparing these to data for large number of people.
mental status exam - relativeley corase preliminatiry test of client's justmenet, orientation to time and place and emotional and emtnal state, tpically conduced during intitial interview
behavioral assement - measuring observing and systematically evaluating
self-monitoring - action by which clients observe and record their own behaviors as either an asement of a problem and its change of a treamtnet procedure that makes them awareof their responibses
idiographic strategy - a close and detailed investiagation of an individual emphasiszing what makes that person unique
nomathetic stategy - idenfeitivcation and exapation of a large grouos of people w/ the same disorder
classification - assiment of objects of people
comorbidity - presence of two more more disorders
laveling - apoplkying a name to a phoenominom or pattern of bevavior
-Psychological disroder/abnormal behavior - psychological dysfunction associatioed with distress or impairment in funcitioning that is not typical or culturally expected response
psychological dysfunction - a breakdown in cognitive, emotional or behavioral funtioning
distress - is usually associated with a psychological disorder and ir reffers to a person being extremely upset similarly the concept of impairment is useful in defining a psychological disorder
-Clinical description of: abnormal behavior
1.presenting problem: typically refers to one first noted of the reason for coming to a clinical setting
2. clinical description: specify what makes a disorder different from normal behavior and other disorders
3.prevalance: refers to the number of people in the population who have the disorder
4.Incidence: refers to the number of new cases a disroder occuring during a specific time frame
5.Course- refers to the pattern of the disorder in time and can be described as: "Chronic" or "episodic" or "time-limited"
Chronic: tend to last a long time
Episodic: may appear and disappear
Time-limited - able to improve without treatment in a relatively short time
6. Acute Onset: refers to disorders that begin suddenly whereas insidious onset refers to disorders that develop gradually over time
7.Important Association features: Age, Developmental state, Ethnicity & Race
Prognosis - anticipated course of the disorder
-Causation, Treatment, & Outcomes in Psychology
1. Etiology - psychological, biological, social dimension variables leading to disorder
2. Treatment - can include psychological, pharmacological or some combination of the two
3.Successful outcome
-Accepted definition of a psychological disorder:
1. as defined in the DSM IV-TR abnormal behavior is behavioral emotional or cognitive dysfunctions that are unexpected in their cultural context and associated with personal disreess or substantial impairment in functioning
Psychopathology - the scientific study of psychological disorders
-Mental Health Care professionals (background training and approach)
clinical/counseling psychologists - phd/psyd/edd
psychiatrists
psychiatric social worker
social worker
psychiatric nurses
marriage family therapists
the scientist practioner - mental health professional who takes a scientific approach to his/her clinical work.
Consumer of science - enhancing the practice
evaluator of science - determining the effectiveness of the practice
creator of science- conducting research that leads to new prroceduers useful in practice
Supernatural tradition - deviant behavior is a battle between good and evil
Biological tradition - hippocrates, the father of medicine argued that psychological disorders could have conceptialzed as a brain or heraditary disease, while recognizing the importance of psychological and interpersonal factors in psychopathology
psychological tradition (18th centurry) treatment that focuses on social and cultural factors
Moral therapy - psychosocial approach that involved treating patients as normally as possible in a normal environment.
---Asylum Reform and decline of mroal therapy w/mental hygene movement
Mental hygene movement - gave rights to mental patients
Psychoanalytic theroy (sigmund frued + joesph brewer)
Id, ego, superego
Id- pleasure principle
ego - reality principle - deploys defence mechanisms to ward off anxiety
superego - moral standsrds. primary function is to balance id+ego for social demands
Unconscious - part of the psyche make up that is outside the awareness of a person
Catharsis - the release of emotional material
Defense Mechanisms
Denial - refuses to acknowledge some aspect of objective reality
Displacement: transfer a feeling about or a response to an object that causes discomfort onto another usually less thereatening
projection: falsely attributes own unacceptable feelings, impulses or thoughts to another individual or object
rationalizaton: conceals the true motvations for actions, thoughts, or feelings through elaborate reasuring or self-serving but incorrect explations
Reaction formation: substitutes behavior, thoughts of feelings that are the direct opposite of unacceptable ones
repression: blocks disturbing wishes, thoughts or feelings form conscious awareness
sublimation: directs potentially maladaptive feelings or impulses into socially acceptable behavior
Psychosexual stages of development -psychoanalytic concepts of the sequence of phases a person passes through during development. Each stage is named for the location on the body where id gratification is maximal at tat time.
Oral
Anal
falic
Latency
genital
castration anxiety - the fear in young boys that they will be mutilated gentitally becaise of their lust for their mothers
neurosis - obsolete psychodynamic term for a psychological disorder thought to result from an unconscious conflict and the anxiety it causes
Ego psychology - psychoanalytic theory that emphasizes the role of the ego in developement and attributes psychological disorders to failure of the ego to manage impulses and internal conflicts. also known as SELF PSYCHOLOGY
object relations - modern develipoment in psychodynmaic theory involving the study of how children incoperate the memoreies and values of people who are close and important to them
collective unconscious - accumulated wisdom of culture collected and remembered across generations
free association - psychoanalytic theory technique intended to explore threatening material repressed into the unconscious. the patient is instructed to say whatever comes to mind without censoring
dream analysis - method in which dream content is examed in symbolic of id impulses and intrrapsychi conflicts
psychoanalyst - therapists who practices psychoanalysis after earning either an M.D or a PHD degree and recieving additional specialized postdoctoral training
transferance - clients may seek to relate to the therapist as they do important authority figures particularly their parents
psychodynamic psychotherapy = contemporary version of psychoanalysis that still emphasizes unconscious processes and conflicts but is briefer and more focused on specific problems
self actualizing - process emphasized in humanistic psychology in which people strive to achieve their highest potential against difficult life experiences
person-centered therapy - therapy which client directs the course of discussion seeking self discovery and self responsiblity
unconditioned positive regard - acceptance by the conselor of the clients' feelings and actions without judgement or condemnation
behavioral model - explation of human bevhavior, invluding dysfunction, based on principles of learning and adaptation derived from experiemental psychology
CHAPTER TWO
genetic contributions to psychopathology
Dominant geneses- one of the pair of genes that dertermines a particulat trait and the effect can be quite noticable
Reccessive genes - must be paired with another reccesive gene to determine a trait
Genes seldom determine our physical development in any absolute way and the same is true for psychopathology
much of human develioment and behavior is polygenic. influced by many genes that individually exert a small effect
Developments in the study of genes and behavior
studies on identical twins reared apart
best estimate for genetic contribution to enduring personality traits and cognitive abilities in humans is about 50%
no individual genes have been identified relating to any major psychological disorder
gene - environmental interactions
(proposed by eric kandel) who stated that the process of learning may cghange the genetic structure of cellls, this may occure when environmental processes turn on dominant genes and changes in the brain's biochemical functioning. this view lends support to the notion that we are less hardwired then previously thought.
Diathessi stress model
Person's inherit from multiple genes tendancies to express certain traits of behaviors which may then be activated under certain environmental events such as stress.
The diatheesis or vulnerabilty does no neccesarily lead to a disorder unless some specific life event occurs
this model proposes that a person with a large diathesis would require a smaller amount of stress for a disorder to develop compared to someone with a relavtiveley smaller diathresis to begin with
Recriptocal gene - envioronment meodel
Hypothessi that people with a genetic predispotion for a disorder may also have a geneyic tendancy to create environmental risk favors that promote the disorder
The structures of the brain
Brain is divided into two parts
Lower brain stem - primitive part [automobile functioning, survival instinct]
Forebrain - more advanced brian systems
cerebral cortex - larged part of forbrain. 80% of neurons of the CNS
Frontal lobe - largeley responsible for thinking and reasoning abilities memory. it enables on to relate to people and events in the world and to behave as social animals
Perphierical nervous system - works in coordination with the brain stem to ensure proper bodily functioning
Consists of: Somatic nervous system + autnnoatic nervous system
Sympahtetic - flight or fight
parasympathetic - quiets the body
Benzadiazepines - mild tranquilizers to reduce GAD
"Gaba system"
Gaba - neurotransmitter that reduces activity across the synaptic cleft and thus inhibits a range of behavior and emotions especially generalized anxiety
Seratonin 0 involved in progression of information and cordination of movement as well as inhibition and restraint. it also asists in the regulation of eating, sexual behavior in of which may be involved in different psychological disorders
Dopamine - extremely low levels of dopamine cause muscle ridgity tremors and impaired judgement
High levels of seratonin is related to OCD
Learned helplessness
Martin seligman''s thepry that people bevome anxious and depressed when they make an attribution that they have no control over the stress in their lives. whether or not tey actually have control
neurotransmitters
neuroscientists have identified several brain circuiits that appear to play a role in psychological disorders
Drug therapies function by either increasing or decreasing the flow of specific neurotransmitters. afer a NY are released it is quickly drown back from the synptic claft in the same neuron via reuptake
Reuptake - action by which a NT is quickly drawn back into the dischaging neuron after being relaed into the synaptic cleft
Ways of manipulating NT
Agonists - increase the activity of a nt by minmic its effects
antagonists - function to inhibit or block the production of NT or funcion indirectly to prevent the chemical from reacting the next neuron by closing the receptors
inverse - changes the biochemisty of the nt to cancel the effect
CHAPTER THREE
clinical assement - systematic evaluation and measurement of psychological biological and social factors in a person presenting with a possiblee psychological disorder
Diagnossis - process of determining whether a presenting problem meets the established criteria for a specific disoder
reliablity - degree to which a measurment is consistent
validity - degree to which a technique measures what it prports to measure
standardization - processes of establishing specific norms and requirements for a measurement technique to ensure it is used conssistently across the measurement occasions. This includedes instructions for admisinstration the measure, evaluations ints findings and comparing these to data for large number of people.
mental status exam - relativeley corase preliminatiry test of client's justmenet, orientation to time and place and emotional and emtnal state, tpically conduced during intitial interview
behavioral assement - measuring observing and systematically evaluating
self-monitoring - action by which clients observe and record their own behaviors as either an asement of a problem and its change of a treamtnet procedure that makes them awareof their responibses
idiographic strategy - a close and detailed investiagation of an individual emphasiszing what makes that person unique
nomathetic stategy - idenfeitivcation and exapation of a large grouos of people w/ the same disorder
classification - assiment of objects of people
comorbidity - presence of two more more disorders
laveling - apoplkying a name to a phoenominom or pattern of bevavior